![]() ![]() Thus, although humans and dogs exist on different branches of the evolutionary tree, both may have independently acquired tolerance of one another because of alterations in neural systems that mediate affiliation ( 1). The development of human-unique social cognitive modes may depend on specific temperament and social affiliation changes and may have consequently evolved differently from those of chimpanzees and bonobos ( 3). This idea yields interesting implications that dogs were domesticated by coopting social cognitive systems in humans that are involved in social attachment. Convergent evolution between humans and dogs may have led to the acquisition of human-like communication modes in dogs, possibly as a by-product of temperament changes, such as reduced fear and aggression ( 1). More specifically, dogs are able to use mutual gaze as a communication tool in the context of needs of affiliative help from others ( 2). Dogs are more skillful than wolves and chimpanzees, the closest respective relatives of dogs and humans, at using human social communicative behaviors ( 1).
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